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developing procedures to facilitate recordingin order to have adequate account-of what was observed during observation some
quantifying observations when the behaviours specified have to provide certain measurement then some form of quantification is
steps in developing observation scheduletchecklisti the first step is to select the aspect of behaviour to be observed we cannot notice
steps in developing a questionnaire or interview schedulea preliminary decisions decide on the form that the schedule will
construction procedureparts of a questbnnaire or interview schedule a questionnaire or an interview schedule contain the following
objectivity objectivity means freedom from bias a test should yield a clear score value for each performance the score being independent of
sensitivity and appropriatenesssensitivity refers to the capability to detect changes or differences when they to occur
reliabilityrefers to the accuracy and consistency of a measuring tool a measure is reliable when an individual remains
construct validityin cqnstruct validity the investigator is concerned with the questions the concept under investigation
major types of validitydifferent aspects or facets of validity questions are explained by the type of validity and number of
characteristics of research toolsan ideal measuring instrument is one which results in measures that are relevant accurate objective sensitive
procedure for data collectionthe planning for research continues till a pilot study is conducted to see that the whole research design
observation sampling techniquesince it is usually impossible to observe behaviour for extended period of time because of fatigue and
observation checklistschedulethis section refer to the section on observation technique given in subsection which describes the phenomenon
question contentthe content of questions will naturally be guided by the aims and needs of the researcher direct questioning
types and structuretypes and structure the design of a useful schedule normally involved extensive planning consultation with
research toolsquestionnaire and interviews are probably the most frequently used data collection methods in rlursing research
psychological and sociological measurementpsychological measurement mainly makes use of psychological tests and inventories
physiological measurementphysiological measurement can be classified as in vivo and in vitro in -vivo includes measurements of those which
measurementthe third method of data collection is measurement where standardized instruments are used to measure variables for example
observation techniquewhat does observation technique mean observation is one of the basic and oldest research
questioning and interview schedulemeaning the questioning is a technique of data collection where the sources of data is the
historical sourceshistorical data are a combination of documentary and field sources these consist of documents and various historical
field sourcesinclude living persons who have the knowledge about or have been in intimate contact with social conditions and changes
dichotomous data- data that fall into only two categories are called dichotomous data - although these data ordinarily