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there are basically two functions for creating routing tables which are as givenmanual entry softwarefurther there are two types for computing
as there will be more devices there will be more traffic of information we can include capacity to wan by adding more links and packet switches
next hop to receiver does not relay on source of packet this phenomenon is known source independence it has various benefits it gives efficient and
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csmacawireless needs collision avoid ness rather than collision checking transmitting computer puts very short codes to receiver receiver responds
collision detectionthe signals from two devices will interfere with each other and the overlapping of frames is known a collision it does not cause
reason for multiple topologiesevery topology has disadvantages and advantages which are described belowin a ring it is simple to coordinate access
network can be distinguished by shape according to which there are three most popular methodologies which are shown as follows star ring
locality of reference principle principle of locality of reference use to predict computer interaction patterns there are two patterns shown as
growth of lan technologythe production of shared communication channels lans started in 1960s and early 1970the basic idea behind was to reduce the
crc can detect the following errors better than check sumsa vertical errorsb burst errorsa vertical errors this kind of error happens due to a
parity bita parity bit is an extra bit transmitted with data item select to give the resulting bit odd or even parity for example an even parity data
transmission errors transmission exceptions may happen due to different causes for example power surges or interference may delete data during
to master the complexity one must apply the given points concentrate in understanding the concepts instead of details of wires used to connect
computer networks is a complex subject due to the given reasons many different technologies existthe first reason for the complexity of networks
computer networks are defined by four factors which are as given below1 network sizeaccording to the size of networks1 local area network lan2
cold backup it is copying the three groups of files when the object is shut down this is a straight file copy generally from the storage disk
redo logsany database must have minimum two redo logs these are the rules for the database the redo logs record all modifies to the system
atomicity either all functions are laid out or none are users could not have to think about the effect of incomplete operations dbms ensures this
partial key it is a group of attributes that can uniquely identify small entities and that are related to same base entity it is sometime named
in the mean while the fork system call the kernel creates a copy of the parent processs address space and adds it to the child process but the
invalid page fault if a page fault happens for a reference to an address thats not part of the virtual address space so that there could not be a
the swapper works on the biggest scheduling priority initially it will look for any sleeping process if not get then it will see for the
the term ipc inter-process communication defines several paths by which different process executing on some operating system interact between each
when you run a program on your unix system the system prepares a special environment for that program this environment owns everything needed for