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huba hub is a small box that connects individual devices on network so that these devices can communicate with
network devices ahubbrepeatercbridgedgatewayeswitchfrouterconnecting devices can classified into networking and internetworking devices
data transferafter connection is established bidirectional data transfer can take place the client and server can
network layer and routing as discussed in previous chapters the physical layer provides connection sand services to the data
tcp connection management tcp connection management encompasses the procedures for establishing and terminating connection ftcp is connection
round trip time rtt and time outthe size and the complexity of computer networks have grown in past years to achieve an
options negotiationto use any of the options first requires option negotiation between the client and server four control
telnet protocolsthe tcp ip protocol suite includes a simple textual remote terminal protocols called telnet that allow a user
byte numbertcp number all data bytes that are transmitted in a connection numbering is independent in each direction when tcp
sequence number after the bytes have been numbered tcp assigns a sequence number to each segment that is being sent these sequence
optionsthe options fields may be used to provide other functions that are not covered by the header if the length of
urgent pointer this 16 bite which is valid only f the urgent flag is set is used when the segment contains urgent data if
checksum this 16 bits field contain the checksum the calculation of the checksum for tcp follows the same procedure as
receive window this field defines the size of the window in bytes that the other party must maintain note that
controlthis field defines 6 different control bits or flags these bits enable flow control connection
unused reserved this is a 6 bite field reserved for future
header length this field specifies the length of the tcp header in 32 bit words this information allows the
acknowledgment numberthis 32 bit field defines the byte number that the from the segment is expecting to receive the
tcp connectionstcp is an end to end point to point transport used in internet being a point to point protocols means that
connection oriented transport tcpin addition to providing reliable communication transmission control protocols effects errors
no retransmissionthis protocols will not through the correctly received packets but buffers than and send
buffering this protocols provides the advantage of buffering to the receiver can buffer any out of order packets after being
time outtimers are used to protect against lost packet each packet must have its own logical timers since only a
ack receivedif an ack is received by the sender the sr sender marks that packet as having been received by the
some people write custom memory allocators to meet their specic needs although this is not needed for most of the applications it is also not