Answer the following Questions:
Question: 1 Which environmental issue might fit easily within standard ethical theory and can easily be integrated into the standard model of business' ethical responsibilities?
- A) Responsibilities to generations of human beings not yet living.
- B) The moral standing of nonhuman living beings.
- C) Anthropocentrical ethics allowing for responsibilities regarding the nonhuman natural world.
- D) Nonanthropocentrical ethics claiming that we have direct moral responsibilities to The nonhuman natural world.
Question: 2 According to the anthropocentric, nonanthropocentric, and various biocentric approaches to environmental issues, which beings would not be holders of ethical value?
- A) Individual humans.
- B) Whole ecosystems, populations, and species.
- C) Individual animals.
- D) Individual living beings other than animals
Question: 3 Identify the activity that ecocentric ethics would not accept as morally legitimate:
- A) Using animals as food, pets, or game.
- B) Clear-cut forestry, hunting and fishing that threaten endangered species.
- C) Selective thinning of forests lands by logging
- D) Selective hunting and killing as a means to protect ecosystems from invasion by nonnative species.
Question: 4 Select the statements that do not express a good reason for preserving biological diversity among both plant and animal species:
- A) Lost diversity among crops makes food production more prone to disease and weather- related failures.
- B) Plant diversity holds great promise for research into medicine production.
- C) Plant diversity holds great promise for research into food production.
- D) Biodiversity contributes to healthier ecosystems.
- E) All of the above.
- F) None of the above.
Question: 5 Select the statement challenging the view that from a strictly free market perspective, resources are "infinite":
- A) Human ingenuity and incentive has always found substitutes for any shortages.
- B) As the supply of any resource decreases, the price increases and provides a strong incentive to supply more or provide a less costly substitute.
- C) All resources are fungible, i.e., can be replaced by substitutes.
- D) Trading certain environmental goods like rhinoceros horns, tiger claws, elephant tusks, and mahogany on the black market seriously threatens their viability.
Question: 6 Identify the perspective that, if true, would challenge Mark Sagoff's argument against the use of economic analysis as the dominant tool of environmental policymakers:
- A) Economics can only deal with wants and preferences because these are what get expressed in an economic market.
- B) Even though wants and beliefs are in different categories, markets can measure the intensity of our wants by our willingness to pay, and that fact, by extension, provides a measurement as well for our beliefs or values.
- C) When economics is involved in environmental policy, it treats beliefs as if they are mere wants and thereby seriously distorts the issues.
- D) Wants are personal and subjective, while beliefs are subject to rational evaluation. When environmentalists argue for preservation of a forest, or species, or ecology, they are stating convictions about a public good that can be accepted or rejected by others on the basis of reasons, not on who is most willing to pay for it.
7 Market analysis as applied to issues of the environment is ineffective because:
- A) It treats us always as consumers, not as citizens, threatening our political process. It leaves no room for debate, discussion, or dialogue in which to defend our beliefs with reasons.
- B) The market ignores the fact that we are "thinkers," not just "wanters," and reduces our beliefs and values to mere matters of personal taste and opinion.
- C) As Mark Sagoff points out, environmental goals are views and beliefs that cannot be priced by markets or economic analysis.
- D) Our political system leaves room for both personal and public interests.
- E) All of the above:
- F) None of the above:
Question: 8 Select the statement that does not challenge the Mark Sagoff-Norman Bowie approach which holds that absent consumer demand or law that establish environmental policy, business has no particular environmental responsibility:
- A) This approach underestimates the influence that business can have in establishing the law.
- B) The side constraints of law are a highly effective tool for controlling managerial decisions that might affect the environment.
- C) Norman Bowie's proposed obligations on the part of business to refrain from using its influence to shape environmental regulation is a praiseworthy proposal but it's unlikely to have any political effect.
- D) This approach underestimates the ability of business to influence consumer choice.
Question: 9 Choose the statement that defenders of the circular flow model which explains the nature of economic transactions in terms of a flow of resources from businesses to households would agree with:
- A) The services that resources yield can be provided in many ways by substituting different factors of production and are, therefore, infinite.
- B) The possibility that the economy can grow indefinitely to keep up with significant population growth is ignored by this model.
- C) If resources are moved through the classical model of a productive system at a rate that outpaces the productive capacity of the earth or the earth's capacity to absorb wastes and by-products of the system, the entire classical model will prove unstable.
- D) Many resources like clean air, drinkable water, fertile soil, and food cannot, under the circular flow model, be replaced by the remaining factors of production.
Question: 10 Identify the statement that does not meet Natural Capitalism's principles for the redesign of business to meet its environmental responsibilities:
- A) To serve the needs of the poorest 75 percent of the world's population, ecoefficient business practices focus on ways of increasing efficiency and, therefore, decreasing resource use by a factor of 5-10.
- B) To serve the needs of the poorest 75 percent of the world's population, the standard growth model would increase economic growth by a factor of 5-10.
- C) The principle of biomimicry attempts to eliminate by-products once lost as waste and pollution and reintegrate them into the production process or return them as a benign or beneficial product to the biosphere.
- D) Models of business as a producer of goods should be replaced with a model of business as a provider of services.