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Terms: Terms are defined inductively by the following clauses. (i) Every individual variable and every individual constant is a term. (Such a term is called atom
Examples of groups: We now start to survey a wide range of examples of groups (labelled by (A), (B), (C), . . . ). Most of these come from number theory. In all cases, the group axioms should be checked. This is easy for almost all of the examples, an
Who independently developed a model for simply pricing risky assets?
Who derived the Black–Scholes Equation?
The focus is on the use of Datalog for defining properties and queries on graphs. (a) Assume that P is some property of graphs definable in the Datalog. Show that P is preserved beneath extensions and homomo
Area Functions 1. (a) Draw the line y = 2t + 1 and use geometry to find the area under this line, above the t - axis, and between the vertical lines t = 1 and t = 3. (b) If x > 1, let A(x) be the area of the region that lies under the line y = 2t + 1 between t
For the demand function D(p)=410-0.2p(^2), find the maximum revenue.
Explain lognormal stochastic differential equation for evolution of an asset.
8. Halloween is an old American tradition. Kids go out dressed in costume and neighbors give them candy when they come to the door. Spike and Cinderella are brother and sister. After a long night collecting candy, they sit down as examine what they have. Spike fi
Measuring complexity: Many algorithms have an integer n, or two integers m and n, as input - e.g., addition, multiplication, exponentiation, factorisation and primality testing. When we want to describe or analyse the `easiness' or `hardness' of the a
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