1. In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands only when they
a) chose to migrate farther west
b) received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies
c) lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses
d) were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to the reservations
e) traded land for rifles and blankets
2. In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military, the
a) Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers
b) Soldiers showed great mobility on their swift horses
c) Indians' superb horsemanship often defeated U.S. soldiers
d) Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers
e) Indians and soldiers tried to avoid direct battle
3. The Indians battled whites for all of the following reasons except to
a) rescue their women who had been exiled to Oklahoma
b) avenge savage massacres of Indians by whites
c) punish whites for breaking treaties
d) Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers
e) Indians and soldiers tried to avoid direct battle
4. Match each Indian chief below with his tribe.
A. Chief Joseph
B. Sitting Bull
C. Geronimo
1) Apache
2) Cheyenne
3) Nez Perce
4) Sioux
a) A-1, B-2, C-3
b) A-3, B-4, C-1
c) A-2, B-4, C-3
d) A-4, B-3, C-2
e) A-1, B-3, C-4
5. As a result of the defeat of Captain William Fetterman's command,
a) the government build new forts on the Bozeman Trail
b) the Great Sioux Reservation was guaranteed to the Sioux tribes
c) the Bozeman Trail was reopened
d) white settlers abandoned the Dakota Territory
e) the Sioux War came to an end
6. The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender
a) by their constant intertribal warfare
b) when the settled on reservations
c) after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed
d) when the army began using artillery against them
e) by the virtual extermination of the buffalo
7. The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when
a) the Sioux sought their land
b) gold was discovered on their reservation
c) the federal government attempted to put them on a reservation
d) the Canadian government attempted to force their return to the U.S.
e) their alliance with the Shoshones required it
8. The buffalo were nearly exterminated
a) as a result of being over-hunted by the Indians
b) by the trains racing across the Great Plains
c) when their meat became valued in eastern markets
d) by disease
e) through wholesale butchery by whites
9. A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by
a) Harriet Beecher Stowe
b) Helen Hunt Jackson
c) Chief Joseph
d) Joseph F. Glidden
e) William F. Cody
10. The humanitarians who wanted to treat the Indians kindly
a) had little respect for traditional Indian culture
b) advocated allowing the Ghost Dance to continue
c) opposed passage of the Dawes Act
d) believed that Indians should not be forced to 'walk the white man's way'
e) advocated improving the reservation system
11. To assimilate Indians into American society, the Dawes Act did all of the following except
a) dissolve many tribes as legal entities
b) try to make rugged individualists of the Indians
c) wipe out tribal ownership of land
d) promise Indians U.S. citizenship in twenty-five years
e) outlaw the sacred Sun Dance
12. The U.S. government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the
a) Battle of Wounded Knee
b) Sand Creek massacre
c) Battle of Little Big Horn
d) Dawes Severalty Act
e) Carlisle Indian School
13. The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian
a) prosperity
b) annihilation
c) assimilation
d) culture
e) education
14. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; (D) Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life.
a) A, B, C, D
b) B, A, C, D
c) A, D, B, C
d) D, C, A, B
e) C, B, D, A
15. The enormous mineral wealth taken from the mining frontier
a) solved the Indian problem
b) solved the currency problem
c) enabled the West to be free of federal interference
d) profited individual prospectors but not corporations
e) helped to finance the Civil War
16. The mining frontier played a vital role in
a) bringing law and order to the West
b) attracting the population to the West
c) influencing the government to go off the gold standard
d) ensuring that the mining industry would remain in the hands of independent, small operations
e) forcing the Indians off the Great Plains
17. Bitter conflict between whites and Indians intensified
a) during the Civil War
b) as a result of vigilante justice
c) when big business took over the mining industry
d) as the mining frontier expanded
e) after the Battle of Wounded Knee
18. The wild frontier towns where the three major cattle trails from Texas ended were
a) Kansas City, Kansas' Pueblo, Colorado; Laramie, Wyoming
b) Tulsa, Oklahoma; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Denver, Colorado
c) Topeka, Kansas; Omaha, Nebraska; Casper, Wyoming
d) Abilene, Kansas; Ogalalla, Nebraska; Cheyenne, Wyoming
e) Atchison, Kansas; Greeley, Colorado; Bozeman, Montana
19. One problem with the Homestead Act was that
a) public land was sold for revenue
b) 160 acres were inadequate for productive farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains
c) Midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition with the West
d) the railroads purchased most of this land
e) it took several years to earn a profit from farming
20. The Homestead Act assumed that public land would be administered in such a way as to
a) raise government revenue
b) conserve natural resources
c) favor large-scale 'bonanza' farms
d) guarantee shipments for the railroads
e) promote frontier settlement
21. The Homestead Act
a) sold more land to bona fide farmers than to land promoters
b) was a drastic departure from previous government public land policy
c) was responsible for the sale of more land than any other agency
d) managed to end the fraud that was common with other government land programs
e) was criticized as a federal government giveaway
22. A major problem faced by settlers on the Great Plains in the 1870s was
a) the high price of land
b) the low market value of grain
c) the scarcity of water
d) overcrowding
e) the opposition of miners
23. In the long run, the group that did the most to shape the modern West was the
a) trappers
b) miners
c) railroad men
d) cowboys
e) hydraulic engineers
24. 'Sooners' were settlers who 'jumped the gun' to
a) pan gold in California
b) stake claims in the Comstock Lode in Nevada
c) claim land in Oklahoma
d) drive the first cattle to Montana and Wyoming
e) grab town sites in the Dakotas
25. Among the following, the least likely to migrate to the cattle and farming frontier were
a) eastern city dwellers
b) eastern farmers
c) recent immigrants
d) blacks
e) Midwestern farmers
26. In 1890, when the superintendent of the census declared that a frontier line was no longer visible
a) the Homestead Act was repealed
b) little land remained for public sale
c) Americans were disturbed that the free land of the West was gone
d) there were not more isolated bodies of settlement
e) all the western territories had been admitted as states
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27. Which of the following provides the least valid support for the theory that the frontier served as a 'safety valve' for American social discontent and economic conflict
a) free western land attracted many immigrant farmers who might have crowded urban job markets
b) the possibility of westward migration encouraged eastern employers to pay higher wages
c) farmers frequently migrated after earning a profit from the sale of land
d) Eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions
e) Western cities became places of opportunity for failed farmers and easterners alike
28. Cities like Denver and San Francisco served as a major 'safety valve' by providing
a) a home for new immigrants
b) recreational activities for its inhabitants
c) a home for failed farmers and busted miners
d) none of the above
e) all of the above
29. The area of the country in which the federal government has done the most to aid economic and social development is
a) the West
b) the Midwest
c) the South
d) the Northeast
e) Appalachia
30. The real 'safety valve' in the late nineteenth century was
a) the western city
b) the Western frontier
c) Canada
d) Hawaii
e) Texas
31. In the decades after the Civil War, most American farmers
a) became attached to their family farms
b) diversified their crops
c) became increasingly self-sufficient
d) saw their numbers grow as more people moved west
e) grew a single cash crop
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32. The root cause of the American farmers' problem after 1880 was
a) urban growth
b) foreign competition
c) the declining number of farms and farmers
d) the shortage of farm machinery
e) overproduction of agricultural goods
33. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods __________________, and the price received for these goods __________________.
a) increased; decreased
b) decreased; increased
c) increased; also increased
d) decreased; also decreased
e) increased; stayed the same
34. Late nineteenth-century farmers believed that their difficulties stemmed primarily from
a) low tariff rates
b) overproduction
c) the currency supply
d) immigration laws
e) the federal government
35. With agricultural production rising dramatically in the post-Civil War years,
a) more farmers could purchase land
b) tenant farming spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and South
c) bankruptcies declined
d) western farmers prospered, while southern farmers had grave troubles selling their cotton
e) the government began encouraging 'soil banks'
36. Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they
a) were not well educated
b) did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement
c) were divided by the wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons
d) were too busy trying to eke out a living
e) were by nature independent and individualistic
37. The first major farmers' organization was the
a) Patrons of Husbandry
b) Populists
c) Greenback Labor Party
d) Farmers' Alliance
e) American Farm Bureau
38. The original purpose of the Grange was to
a) get involved in politics
b) support inflationary monetary policy
c) stimulate self-improvement through educational and social activities
d) improve the farmers' collective plight
e) support the Homestead law
39. In several states, framers helped to pass the 'Granger Laws' which
a) raised tariffs
b) lowered mortgage interest rates
c) allowed them to form producer and consumer cooperatives
d) prohibited bankruptcy auctions
e) regulated railroad rates
40. The Farmers' Alliance was formed to
a) provide help to northern farmers
b) provide opportunities for higher education
c) end the rise of tenant farming
d) help landless farmers gain property
e) take action to break the strangling grip of the railroads
41. The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by
a) political ineptitude
b) the exclusion of black farmers
c) corrupt leadership
d) the failure to target landowners
e) regional concentration in the South
42. The Populist Party arose as the direct successor to
a) the Greenback Labor Party
b) the Farmers' Alliance
c) the Silver Miners' Coalition
d) the Liberal Republican Party
e) the Grange
43. The Populist Party's presidential candidate in 1892 was
a) James B. Weaver
b) William Jennings Bryan
c) Mary Elizabeth Lease
d) Adlai Stevenson
e) William 'Coin' Harvey
44. Which of the following was not among influential Populist leaders?
a) William 'Coin' Harvey
b) Ignatius Donnelley
c) Mary Elizabeth Lease
d) James B. Weaver
e) Eugene V. Debs
45. In a bid to win labor's support, the Populist Party
a) supported restrictions on immigration
b) nominated Samuel Gompers for president
c) opposed injunctions against labor strikes
d) endorsed workmen's compensation laws
e) proposed a law guaranteeing the right to organize and strike
46. The Populists
a) were the only third party in the nineteenth century to win electoral votes
b) gained most of their electoral votes form the South
c) received substantial support form industrial workers
d) refused to look to the federal government for assistance
e) none of the above
47. During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because
a) they did not think the Populists represented their political interests
b) they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers
c) the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks
d) they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans
e) they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephones
48. Jacob Coxey and his 'army' marched on Washington, D.C. to
a) demand a larger military budget
b) protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
c) demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program
d) try to promote a general strike of all workers
e) demand the immediate payment of bonuses to Civil War veterans
49. Which of the following was least sympathetic to workers and farmers hard-pressed by the Depression of 1893?
a) John P. Altgeld
b) Richard Olney
c) Eugene V. Debs
d) Jacob Coxey
e) William Jennings Bryan
50. President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that
a) the union's leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist
b) strikes against railroads were illegal
c) the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property
d) shutting down the railroads threatened American national security
e) the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail
51. Match each individual with his role in the Pullman strike:
A. Richard Olney
B. Eugene V. Debs
C. George Pullman
D. John G. Altgeld
1) Head of the American Railway Union that organized the strike
2) Governor of Illinois who sympathized with the striking workers
3) U.S. attorney general who brought in federal troops to crush the strike
4) Owner of the 'palace railroad car' company and the company town where the strike began
a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
b) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
c) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
e) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
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52. Labor unions, populists, and debtors saw in the brutal Pullman strike
a) proof of an alliance between big business, the federal government, and the courts
b) a strategy by which united working-class action could succeed
c) the need for a socialist party in the U.S.
d) the potential of the federal government as a counterweight to big business
e) the crucial role of middle class public opinion in labor conflicts
53. The Pullman strike created the first instance of
a) management recognition of the right of workers to organize and strike
b) government use of federal troops to break a labor strike
c) violence during a labor strike
d) a united front between urban workers and agrarian Populists
e) government use of a federal court injunction to break a strike
54. The Depression of the 1890s and episodes like the Pullman strike made the election of 1896 shape up as
a) a battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives
b) a conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties
c) a sectional conflict with the West aligned against the Northeast and South
d) a contest over the power of the federal government to manage a modern industrial economy like the United States
e) a clash of cultures between ordinary middle-class Americans and European-oriented radicals and reformers
55. Which of the following was not among the qualifications that helped William McKinley earn the Republican presidential nomination in 1896?
a) he came from the key electoral wing state of Ohio
b) he gained a national reputation by sponsoring the high McKinley Tariff Bill
c) he was a likable Civil War veteran
d) he was backed by the skilled political manager and fund raiser Mark Hanna
e) he was an energetic and charismatic campaigner
56. Mark Hanna, the Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of government was to
a) enrich politicians
b) maintain a laissez-faire policy
c) not 'rock the boat' of prosperity
d) overturn the 'trickle down' theory of economics
e) aid business
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57. The Democratic party nominee for president in 1896 was ______________; the Republicans nominated _______________; and the Populists endorsed _________________.
a) McKinley, Hanna, Bryan
b) Bryan, McKinley, Weaver
c) Bryan, McKinley, Bryan
d) Hanna, Bryan, Bryan
e) Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Bryan
58. All of the following characteristics describe William Jennings Bryan in 1896 except that
a) he had a brilliant mind
b) he was very youthful
c) he was an energetic and charismatic campaigner
d) he was an excellent orator
e) he radiated honesty and sincerity
59. William Jennings Bryan gained the presidential nomination of the Democratic party because he
a) had already gained the nomination of the Populist party
b) had the support of urban workers
c) possessed a brilliant political mind
d) supported the unlimited coinage of silver
e) was backed by the Democratic party establishment
60. In the election of 1896, the major issue became
a) restoration of protective tariffs
b) enactment of an income tax
c) government programs for those employed as a result of the depression
d) the rights of farmers and industrial workers
e) free and unlimited coinage of silver
61. One key to the Republican victory in the 1896 presidential election was the
a) support of farmers
b) huge amount of money raised by Mark Hanna
c) use of the tariff issue
d) wide travel and numerous speeches made by William McKinley
e) ability of Republicans to disrupt the solid South
62. The strongest ally of Mark Hanna and the Republicans in the 1896 presidential election was
a) the drop in wheat prices
b) McKinley's vigorous campaigning
c) fear of William Jennings Bryan and his support of free silver
d) the nearly unanimous support of the nation's trained economists
e) the divisions in the Democratic party
63. The 1896 presidential election marked the last time that
a) rural America would defeat urban America
b) the South remained solid for the Democratic party
c) a third party candidate had a serious chance at the White House
d) factory workers would favor inflation
e) a serious effort to win the White House would be made with mostly agrarian votes
64. The 1896 victory of William McKinley ushered in a long period of Republican dominance that was accompanied by
a) diminishing voter participation in elections
b) strengthening of party organizations
c) greater concern over civil-service reform
d) less concern for industrial regulation
e) sharpened conflict between business and labor
65. As president, William McKinley can best be described as
a) cautious and conservative
b) a man of little ability
c) an active reformer
d) a person willing to go against the opinion of the majority
e) a skillful negotiator
66. The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late 19th century eventually came as a result of
a) the Gold Standard Act
b) McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard
c) an increase in the international gold supply
d) Populist fusion with the Democratic party
e) the creation of the Federal Reserve Board