Joel and Rachel are both retired. Married for 45 years, they’ve amassed an estate worth $2.8 million. The couple has no trusts or other types of tax-sheltered assets. If Joel or Rachel dies in 2008, how much federal estate tax would the surviving spouse have to pay, assuming that the estate is taxed at the 45 percent rate? Joel and Rachel are giving all of their assets to their respective spouse upon their death. Ignore any tax consequences resulting from the death of the second spouse.